Uber Announces Results for Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023

Uber Technologies, Inc. (NYSE: UBER) today announced financial results for the quarter and full year ended December 31, 2023.

"2023 was an inflection point for Uber, proving that we can continue to generate strong, profitable growth at scale," said Dara Khosrowshahi, CEO. "Our audiences are larger and more engaged than ever, with our platform powering an average of nearly 26 million daily trips last year."

"Uber's platform advantages and disciplined investment in new growth opportunities resulted in record engagement and accelerating Gross Bookings in Q4," said Prashanth Mahendra-Rajah, CFO. "We're looking forward to sharing more about our strategy and capital allocation plans at our Investor Update next week."

Financial Highlights for Fourth Quarter 2023

• Gross Bookings grew 22% year-over-year ("YoY") to $37.6 billion, or 21% on a constant currency basis, with Mobility Gross Bookings of $19.3 billion (+29% YoY or +28% YoY constant currency) and Delivery Gross Bookings of $17.0 billion (+19% YoY or +17% YoY constant currency). Trips during the quarter grew 24% YoY to 2.6 billion, or approximately 28 million trips per day on average.
• Revenue grew 15% YoY to $9.9 billion, or 13% on a constant currency basis. Combined Mobility and Delivery revenue grew 22% YoY to $8.7 billion, or 20% on a constant currency basis.
• Income from operations was $652 million, up $794 million YoY and $258 million quarter-over-quarter ("QoQ").
• Net income attributable to Uber Technologies, Inc. was $1.4 billion, which includes a $1.0 billion net tailwind (pre-tax) primarily due to net unrealized gains related to the revaluation of Uber's equity investments.
• Adjusted EBITDA of $1.3 billion, up $618 million YoY. Adjusted EBITDA margin as a percentage of Gross Bookings was 3.4%, up from 2.2% in Q4 2022.
• Net cash provided by operating activities was $823 million and free cash flow, defined as net cash flows from operating activities less capital expenditures, was $768 million.
• Unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments were $5.4 billion at the end of the fourth quarter.

Outlook for Q1 2024

For Q1 2024, we anticipate:

• Gross Bookings of $37.0 billion to $38.5 billion
• Adjusted EBITDA of $1.26 billion to $1.34 billion

Revenue

Financial Highlights for the Fourth Quarter 2023 (continued)

Mobility

• Gross Bookings of $19.3 billion: Mobility Gross Bookings grew 29% YoY and 8% QoQ.
• Revenue of $5.5 billion: Mobility Revenue grew 34% YoY and 9% QoQ. The YoY increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Mobility Gross Bookings due to an increase in Trip volumes. Mobility Revenue Margin of 28.7% increased 90 bps YoY and 40 bps QoQ. Business model changes negatively impacted Mobility Revenue Margin by 110 bps in Q4 2023.
• Adjusted EBITDA of $1.4 billion: Mobility Adjusted EBITDA increased $434 million YoY and $159 million QoQ. Mobility Adjusted EBITDA margin was 7.5% of Gross Bookings compared to 6.8% in Q4 2022 and 7.2% in Q3 2023. Mobility Adjusted EBITDA margin improvement YoY was primarily driven by better cost leverage from higher volume.

Delivery

• Gross Bookings of $17.0 billion: Delivery Gross Bookings grew 19% YoY and 6% QoQ.
• Revenue of $3.1 billion: Delivery Revenue grew 6% YoY and 6% QoQ. Delivery Revenue Margin of 18.3% decreased 220 bps YoY and increased 10 bps QoQ. Business model changes negatively impacted Delivery Revenue Margin by 190 bps in Q4 2023.
• Adjusted EBITDA of $476 million: Delivery Adjusted EBITDA grew $235 million YoY and $63 million QoQ. Delivery Adjusted EBITDA margin was 2.8% of Gross Bookings, compared to 1.7% in Q4 2022 and 2.6% in Q3 2023. Delivery Adjusted EBITDA margin improvement YoY was primarily driven by better cost leverage from higher volumes and increased Advertising revenue.

Freight

• Revenue of $1.3 billion: Freight Revenue declined 17% YoY and was flat QoQ. The YoY decrease was driven by lower revenue per load and volume, both a consequence of the challenging freight market cycle.
• Adjusted EBITDA loss of $14 million: Freight Adjusted EBITDA declined $6 million YoY and $1 million QoQ. Freight Adjusted EBITDA margin as a percentage of Gross Bookings declined 60 bps YoY and 10 bps QoQ to (1.1)%.

Corporate

• Corporate G&A and Platform R&D: Corporate G&A and Platform R&D expenses of $625 million, compared to $580 million in Q4 2022, and $595 million in Q3 2023. Corporate G&A and Platform R&D as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased 20 bps YoY and remained flat QoQ due to cost control and improved fixed cost leverage.

GAAP and Non-GAAP Costs and Operating Expenses

• Cost of revenue excluding D&A: GAAP cost of revenue was $6.1 billion. Non-GAAP cost of revenue was $6.0 billion, representing 16.1% of Gross Bookings, compared to 17.3% and 16.0% in Q4 2022 and Q3 2023, respectively. On a YoY basis, non-GAAP cost of revenue as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased due to improved cost leverage with Gross Bookings growth outpacing cost of revenue growth.
• GAAP and Non-GAAP operating expenses (Non-GAAP operating expenses exclude certain amounts as further detailed in the "Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Measures" section):
  • Operations and support: GAAP operations and support was $702 million. Non-GAAP operations and support was $646 million, representing 1.7% of Gross Bookings, compared to 1.8% in both Q4 2022 and Q3 2023. On a YoY basis, non-GAAP operations and support as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased due to improved fixed cost leverage.
  • Sales and marketing: GAAP sales and marketing was $935 million. Non-GAAP sales and marketing was $912 million, representing 2.4% of Gross Bookings, compared to 3.6% and 2.6% in Q4 2022 and Q3 2023, respectively. On a YoY basis, non-GAAP sales and marketing as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased due to business model changes in some countries that classified certain sales and marketing costs as contra revenue. Additionally, Gross Bookings mix shifted towards Mobility, which carry lower associated sales and marketing costs.
  • Research and development: GAAP research and development was $784 million. Non-GAAP research and development was $483 million, representing 1.3% of Gross Bookings, compared to 1.5% and 1.4% in Q4 2022 and Q3 2023, respectively. On a YoY basis, non-GAAP research and development as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased due to improved fixed cost leverage.
  • General and administrative: GAAP general and administrative was $603 million. Non-GAAP general and administrative was $564 million, representing 1.5% of Gross Bookings, compared to 1.7% and 1.5% in Q4 2022 and Q3 2023, respectively. On a YoY basis, non-GAAP general and administrative as a percentage of Gross Bookings decreased due to improved fixed cost leverage.

Operating Highlights for the Fourth Quarter 2023

Platform

• Monthly Active Platform Consumers ("MAPCs") reached 150 million: MAPCs grew 15% YoY to 150 million, driven by continued improvement in consumer activity for both our Mobility and Delivery offerings.
• Trips of 2.6 billion: Trips on our platform grew 24% YoY and 7% QoQ, driven by both Mobility and Delivery growth. Both Mobility and Delivery trips were up QoQ. Monthly trips per MAPC grew 8% YoY to 5.8.
• Supporting earners: As part of our goal of being the world's best platform for flexible work, announced over 20 new improvements to the Uber Driver app, while also making earning on Uber safer with features like Record my Ride and fairer through improvements to our account deactivation process. Drivers and couriers earned an aggregate $17.2 billion (including tips) during the quarter, with earnings up 24% YoY, or 23% on a constant currency basis.
• Membership: Launched Uber One, our single cross-platform membership program, in Belgium, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Poland, Puerto Rico, and Switzerland. Uber One is now available across 25 countries.
• Advertising: Launched Sponsored Items on Uber Eats in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico. In addition, expanded Sponsored Items to the alcohol category. Further, continued our direct sales global expansion with the addition of Japan, Taiwan and Spain. Active advertising merchants during the quarter exceeded 550K, up 75% YoY.
• Family profiles with teen accounts: Building on success in the US and Canada, expanded teen accounts internationally, starting with Brazil and with plans to expand to additional markets.
• Uber for Business ("U4B") expense integrations: Announced U4B's integrations with leading expense management providers Brex and Ramp to automate receipt matching for Uber rides and meals, helping companies of all sizes simplify expenses and save time on and off the road. In addition, launched a new meal planning feature on Uber Eats that office managers and administrators can use to make group ordering easy and enjoyable.

Mobility

• Earner and rider safety: Announced the expansion of key safety features to new geographies and brought the Record my Ride feature to drivers in a dozen US cities. In addition, integrated Android Auto with the Uber Driver app following our recent CarPlay integration, and enabled drivers to share real-time traffic and route information that will be visible to other drivers, making the experience better for everyone.
• Taxis: Launched our coalesced taxi product in Washington, DC; Paris, France; Cancún, Mexico; and Victoria, Australia, increasing reliability of supply and providing opportunities for taxi drivers in these markets to earn more on Uber. In addition, announced that London's iconic Black Cabs will soon be listed in the app.
• UberX Share: Expanded UberX Share to 11 new cities across key markets in EMEA, ANZ and the US, including Boston, Denver, Orlando and Zurich.
• Uber Rent, Valet & Carshare: Launched Uber Rent in Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, giving consumers access to a range of rental car partners in the Uber app. In addition, expanded Uber Valet, now available in nine US markets, enabling Uber Rent users to have a rental car delivered to their door and picked up upon their return. Further, launched Uber Carshare in Boston and Toronto.
• Uber Connect: Launched the Return a Package feature in time for the holiday season, allowing Uber and Uber Eats customers in over 4,950 US cities and towns to have a courier pick up their prepaid packages and drop them off at a local post office, UPS, or FedEx location. In addition, launched a Store Pickup feature in over 1,700 cities, allowing customers to have an Uber courier pick up a purchased item from a store to be delivered to a recipient of their choosing.

Delivery

• Merchant selection: Launched partnerships with popular US restaurants, grocery stores and retailers, including Big Lots, Torchy's Tacos, Sprouts Farmers Market, Eataly, and all 6,700 US Domino's locations. Building upon success in the US, expanded our reach with Domino's including a pilot live with over 180 stores across the UK and Ireland, and launching with nearly 200 locations in Taiwan.
• Multi-merchant ordering: Introduced the ability for consumers to place orders from two nearby Uber Eats merchants?across restaurants, alcohol, convenience and more?with a single Delivery Fee and checkout and delivery experience, boosting convenience for consumers and leveraging our efficient batching and routing technologies.
• Cornershop integration: Completed the integration of Cornershop, bringing Latin American grocery delivery and Cornershop retail partners onto the Uber platform, enabling former Cornershop consumers to benefit from Uber One membership, and unifying the Uber Eats grocery delivery experience globally.
• Improving the grocery courier experience: Made improvements to the grocery courier experience that enable shoppers to accept and complete orders more efficiently, including providing location metadata, offering live order support, and enabling merchant shoppers to easily claim merchant pick-and-pack (MPP) orders when there are multiple orders from the same merchant in progress at once.
• Uber Direct momentum: Launched and expanded Uber Direct partnerships, including launching an exclusive deal with KFC in the UK, launching Burger King in Germany, scaling 7-11 and McDonald's in Japan, and launching Japanese supermarket chain MaxValu.

Freight

• Enterprise customer momentum: Onboarded several new enterprise customers to the Transportation Management business driven in part by enhanced Uber Freight Transportation Management System (TMS) capabilities, including expanded end-to-end shipment visibility across rail and ocean modes.
• Sustainability initiatives: Launched our new Emissions Dashboard to provide shippers with comprehensive insight into their network's emissions across all modes quantified using the Global Logistics Emissions Council (GLEC) framework. In addition, announced a partnership with Greenlane, a joint venture between Daimler Truck North America, NextEra Energy Resources, LLC and BlackRock, to accelerate the development and installation of commercial electric truck charging stations.
• Torc partnership: Announced a strategic partnership with Torc, an independent subsidiary of Daimler Truck AG, in which Torc will leverage and apply insights from Uber Freight's vast network to support the development and deployment of its autonomous truck.

Webcast and conference call information

A live audio webcast of our fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023 earnings release call will be available at https://investor.uber.com/, along with the earnings press release and slide presentation. The call begins on February 7, 2024 at 5:00 AM (PT) / 8:00 AM (ET). This press release, including the reconciliations of certain non-GAAP measures to their nearest comparable GAAP measures, is also available on that site.

We also provide announcements regarding our financial performance and other matters, including SEC filings, investor events, press and earnings releases, on our investor relations website (https://investor.uber.com/), and our blogs (https://uber.com/blog) and Twitter accounts (@uber and @dkhos), as a means of disclosing material information and complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.

About Uber

Uber's mission is to create opportunity through movement. We started in 2010 to solve a simple problem: how do you get access to a ride at the touch of a button? More than 47 billion trips later, we're building products to get people closer to where they want to be. By changing how people, food, and things move through cities, Uber is a platform that opens up the world to new possibilities.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements regarding our future business expectations which involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results predicted, and reported results should not be considered as an indication of future performance. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as "anticipate," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "hope," "intend," "may," "might," "objective," "ongoing," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "target," "will," or "would" or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors relate to, among others: competition, managing our growth and corporate culture, financial performance, investments in new products or offerings, our ability to attract drivers, consumers and other partners to our platform, our brand and reputation and other legal and regulatory developments, particularly with respect to our relationships with drivers and couriers and the impact of the global economy, including rising inflation and interest rates. For additional information on other potential risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from the results predicted, please see our most recent quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and subsequent annual reports, quarterly reports and other filings filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time. All information provided in this release and in the attachments is as of the date of this press release and any forward-looking statements contained herein are based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable as of this date. Undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements in this press release, which are based on information available to us on the date hereof. We undertake no duty to update this information unless required by law.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our financial information, which is prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"), we use the following non-GAAP financial measures: Adjusted EBITDA; Free cash flow; Non-GAAP Costs and Operating Expenses as well as, revenue growth rates in constant currency. The presentation of this financial information is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making and as a means to evaluate period-to-period comparisons. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance by excluding certain items that may not be indicative of our recurring core business operating results.

We believe that both management and investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP financial measures in assessing our performance and when planning, forecasting, and analyzing future periods. These non-GAAP financial measures also facilitate management's internal comparisons to our historical performance. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to investors both because (1) they allow for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by management in its financial and operational decision-making and (2) they are used by our institutional investors and the analyst community to help them analyze the health of our business.

There are a number of limitations related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures. In light of these limitations, we provide specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from these non-GAAP financial measures and evaluating these non-GAAP financial measures together with their relevant financial measures in accordance with GAAP.

For more information on these non-GAAP financial measures, please see the sections titled "Key Terms for Our Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures," "Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures" and "Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Measures" included at the end of this release. In regards to forward looking non-GAAP guidance, we are not able to reconcile the forward-looking non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA measure to the closest corresponding GAAP measure without unreasonable efforts because we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of certain significant items. These items include, but are not limited to, significant legal settlements, unrealized gains and losses on equity investments, tax and regulatory reserve changes, restructuring costs and acquisition and financing related impacts.

Key Terms for Our Key Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a Non-GAAP measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss), excluding (i) income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, (ii) net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, net of tax, (iii) provision for (benefit from) income taxes, (iv) income (loss) from equity method investments, (v) interest expense, (vi) other income (expense), net, (vii) depreciation and amortization, (viii) stock-based compensation expense, (ix) certain legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements, (x) goodwill and asset impairments/loss on sale of assets, (xi) acquisition, financing and divestitures related expenses, (xii) restructuring and related charges and (xiii) other items not indicative of our ongoing operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA margin. We define Adjusted EBITDA margin as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of Gross Bookings. We define incremental margin as the change in Adjusted EBITDA between periods divided by the change in Gross Bookings between periods.

Aggregate Driver and Courier Earnings. Aggregate Driver and Courier Earnings refers to fares (net of Uber service fee, taxes and tolls), tips, Driver incentives and Driver benefits.

Driver(s). The term Driver collectively refers to independent providers of ride or delivery services who use our platform to provide Mobility or Delivery services, or both.

Driver or restaurant earnings. Driver or restaurant earnings refer to the net portion of the fare or the net portion of the order value that a Driver or a restaurant retains, respectively. These are generally included in aggregate Drivers and Couriers earnings.

Driver incentives. Driver incentives refer to payments that we make to Drivers, which are separate from and in addition to the Driver's portion of the fare paid by the consumer after we retain our service fee to Drivers. For example, Driver incentives could include payments we make to Drivers should they choose to take advantage of an incentive offer and complete a consecutive number of trips or a cumulative number of trips on the platform over a defined period of time. Driver incentives are recorded as a reduction of revenue or cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. These incentives are generally included in aggregate Drivers and Couriers earnings.

Free cash flow. Free cash flow is a Non-GAAP measure. We define free cash flow as net cash flows from operating activities less capital expenditures.

Gross Bookings. We define Gross Bookings as the total dollar value, including any applicable taxes, tolls, and fees, of: Mobility rides; Delivery orders (in each case without any adjustment for consumer discounts and refunds); Driver and Merchant earnings; Driver incentives and Freight Revenue. Gross Bookings do not include tips earned by Drivers. Gross Bookings are an indication of the scale of our current platform, which ultimately impacts revenue.

Monthly Active Platform Consumers ("MAPCs"). We define MAPCs as the number of unique consumers who completed a Mobility ride or received a Delivery order on our platform at least once in a given month, averaged over each month in the quarter. While a unique consumer can use multiple product offerings on our platform in a given month, that unique consumer is counted as only one MAPC.

Revenue Margin. We define Revenue Margin as revenue as a percentage of Gross Bookings.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA. We define each segment's Adjusted EBITDA as segment revenue less the following direct costs and expenses of that segment: (i) cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization; (ii) operations and support; (iii) sales and marketing; (iv) research and development; and (v) general and administrative. Segment Adjusted EBITDA also reflects any applicable exclusions from Adjusted EBITDA.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin. We define each segment's Adjusted EBITDA margin as the segment Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of segment Gross Bookings.

Trips. We define Trips as the number of completed consumer Mobility rides and Delivery orders in a given period. For example, an UberX Share ride with three paying consumers represents three unique Trips, whereas an UberX ride with three passengers represents one Trip. We believe that Trips are a useful metric to measure the scale and usage of our platform.

Definitions of Non-GAAP Measures

We collect and analyze operating and financial data to evaluate the health of our business and assess our performance. In addition to revenue, net income (loss), income (loss) from operations, and other results under GAAP, we use: Adjusted EBITDA; Free cash flow; Non-GAAP Costs and Operating Expenses; as well as, revenue growth rates in constant currency, which are described below, to evaluate our business. We have included these non-GAAP financial measures because they are key measures used by our management to evaluate our operating performance. Accordingly, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors. Our calculation of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similarly-titled non-GAAP measures, if any, reported by our peer companies. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as substitutes for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss), excluding (i) income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, (ii) net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests, net of tax, (iii) provision for (benefit from) income taxes, (iv) income (loss) from equity method investments, (v) interest expense, (vi) other income (expense), net, (vii) depreciation and amortization, (viii) stock-based compensation expense, (ix) certain legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements, (x) goodwill and asset impairments/loss on sale of assets, (xi) acquisition, financing and divestitures related expenses, (xii) restructuring and related charges and (xiii) other items not indicative of our ongoing operating performance.

We have included Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management team to evaluate our operating performance, generate future operating plans, and make strategic decisions, including those relating to operating expenses. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management team and board of directors. In addition, it provides a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business, as it removes the effect of certain non-cash expenses and certain variable charges.

Legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements

Legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements are primarily related to certain significant legal proceedings or governmental investigations related to worker classification definitions, or tax agencies challenging our non-income tax positions. These matters have limited precedent, cover extended historical periods and are unpredictable in both magnitude and timing, therefore are distinct from normal, recurring legal, tax and regulatory matters and related expenses incurred in our ongoing operating performance.

Limitations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as a financial measure, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and is not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following:

• Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain recurring, non-cash charges, such as depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, and although these are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect all cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;
• Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock-based compensation expense, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy;
• Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain restructuring and related charges, part of which may be settled in cash;
• Adjusted EBITDA excludes other items not indicative of our ongoing operating performance;
• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect period to period changes in taxes, income tax expense or the cash necessary to pay income taxes;
• Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the components of other income (expense), net, which primarily includes: interest income; foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net; gain (loss) on business divestitures, net; unrealized gain (loss) on debt and equity securities, net; and impairment of debt and equity securities; and
• Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements that may reduce cash available to us.

Constant Currency

We compare the percent change in our current period results from the corresponding prior period using constant currency disclosure. We present constant currency growth rate information to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying revenue performed excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations. We calculate constant currency by translating our current period financial results using the corresponding prior period's monthly exchange rates for our transacted currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

Free Cash Flow

We define free cash flow as net cash flows from operating activities less capital expenditures.

Non-GAAP Costs and Operating Expenses

Costs and operating expenses are defined as: cost of revenue, exclusive of depreciation and amortization; operations and support; sales and marketing; research and development; and general and administrative expenses. We define Non-GAAP costs and operating expenses as costs and operating expenses excluding: (i) stock-based compensation expense, (ii) certain legal, tax, and regulatory reserve changes and settlements, (iii) goodwill and asset impairments/loss on sale of assets, (iv) acquisition, financing and divestiture related expenses, (v) restructuring and related charges and (vi) other items not indicative of our ongoing operating performance.

Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted EBITDA

The following table presents reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for each of the periods indicated:

Free Cash Flow

The following table presents reconciliations of free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for each of the periods indicated:

Non-GAAP Costs and Operating Expenses

The following tables present reconciliations of Non-GAAP costs and operating expenses to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for each of the periods indicated: