AXIS Capital Reports Fourth Quarter 2019 Results

AXIS Capital Holdings Limited ("AXIS Capital" or the "Company") (NYSE: AXS) today announced financial results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2019.

Commenting on the fourth quarter 2019 financial results, Albert Benchimol, President and CEO of AXIS Capital, said:

"We did not deliver the financial results we expected in 2019, as our performance suffered from a record typhoon season in Japan, poor crop conditions in the U.S., as well as high loss activity in property and aviation lines. Notwithstanding these headwinds, our actions still enabled us to reduce our current year ex-cat loss ratio by over a point this year, bringing the reduction in our ex-cat loss ratio to more than three points over two years, with progress in both our Insurance and Reinsurance businesses.

"With the additional portfolio remediation that we executed in 2019, we entered the new year with a stronger book that has less inherent volatility. We have brought down PMLs, decreased limits, and exited or reduced our participation in underperforming businesses while pushing for more rate across the board. At the same time, we're focused on driving growth in our most attractive lines. We're also working with our partners in distribution to use our expanding digital capabilities to create new business growth in desirable smaller accounts.

"With pricing momentum accelerating, we believe that favorable market conditions will sustain through 2020, driving more lines of business to pricing adequacy and providing us with more opportunities to leverage our market position to generate profitable growth."

Consolidated Results

• Net loss attributable to common shareholders for the fourth quarter of 2019 was $10 million, or $(0.12) per diluted common share, compared to a net loss attributable to common shareholders of $198 million, or $(2.37) per diluted common share, for the fourth quarter of 2018.
• Net income available to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $282 million, or $3.34 per diluted common share, compared to net income available to common shareholders of $0.4 million, for the same period in 2018.
• Operating income¹ for the fourth quarter of 2019 was $4 million, or $0.05 per diluted common share¹, compared to an operating loss of $144 million, or $(1.73) per diluted common share, for the fourth quarter of 2018.
• Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $213 million, or $2.52 per diluted common share, compared to operating income of $161 million, or $1.91 per diluted common share for the same period in 2018.
• Ex-PGAAP operating income² for the fourth quarter of 2019 was $7 million, or $0.08 per diluted common share2, compared to an ex-PGAAP operating loss of $135 million, or $(1.61) per diluted common share, for the fourth quarter of 2018.
• Ex-PGAAP operating income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $234 million, or $2.77 per diluted common share, compared to ex-PGAAP operating income of $209 million, or $2.48 per diluted common share, for the same period in 2018.
• Adjusted for dividends, book value per diluted common share decreased by $0.06, or 0.1%, compared to September 30, 2019.
• Adjusted for dividends, book value per diluted common share increased by $7.47, or 15%, over the past twelve months.

Fourth Quarter Consolidated Underwriting Highlights³

• Gross premiums written increased by $89 million, or 8% ($102 million or 9% on a constant currency basis⁴), to $1.3 billion, with an increase of $41 million, or 4% in the insurance segment, and an increase of $48 million, or 19% in the reinsurance segment.
• Net premiums written increased by $33 million, or 4% ($45 million or 6% on a constant currency basis), to $786 million, with an increase of $39 million, or 22% in the reinsurance segment, partially offset by a decrease of $6 million, or 1% in the insurance segment.

• Ex-PGAAP current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses decreased by 3.0 points, to 96.4% in the fourth quarter, compared to the same period in 2018.
• Estimated pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums, of $140 million, or 12.1 points, compared to $269 million, or 22.5 points, in the prior year.
• Net favorable prior year reserve development was $14 million (Insurance $10 million; Reinsurance $3 million), compared to $40 million (Insurance $32 million; Reinsurance $7 million) in 2018.
• Underwriting loss for the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to the balance sheet of Novae Group plc ("Novae") at October 2, 2017 (the "closing date" or the "acquisition date"), without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs, which were written off at the closing date. The absence of $2 million and $16 million of acquisition expenses related to premiums earned in the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.1 point and 1.3 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratio for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased by 0.2 points in the quarter compared to the same period in 2018.
• Amortization of value of business acquired ("VOBA") of $2 million and $23 million, was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively. This expense impacted operating income but was not included in the results of the insurance and reinsurance segments.

Full Year Consolidated Underwriting Highlights³

• Gross premiums written decreased by $11 million, or 0.2% (increased $88 million or 1% on a constant currency basis), to $6.9 billion, with a decrease of $122 million, or 3% in the insurance segment, partially offset by an increase of $110 million, or 4% in the reinsurance segment.
• Net premiums written decreased by $169 million, or 4% ($77 million or 2% on a constant currency basis), to $4.5 billion, with a decrease of $116 million, or 5% in the insurance segment, and a decrease of $54 million, or 2% in the reinsurance segment.

• Ex-PGAAP current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses decreased by 0.5 points, to 97.1% in 2019, compared to 2018.
• Estimated pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums, of $336 million, or 7.5 points, compared to $430 million, or 9.0 points, in the prior year.
• Net favorable prior year reserve development of $79 million (Insurance $53 million; Reinsurance $26 million), compared to $200 million (Insurance $93 million; Reinsurance $107 million) in 2018.
• Underwriting income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017, without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs, which were written off at the closing date. The absence of $12 million and $125 million of acquisition expenses related to premiums earned in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.3 points and 2.6 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratio for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio decreased by 0.2 points in 2019, compared to the same period in 2018.
• Amortization of VOBA of $27 million and $172 million was recognized in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. This expense impacted operating income but was not included in the results of the insurance and reinsurance segments.

Segment Highlights

Insurance Segment

• Gross premiums written increased by $41 million, or 4% ($50 million, or 5% on a constant currency basis), primarily attributable to increases in liability and professional lines driven by new business and favorable rate changes, partially offset by a decrease in credit and political risk lines due to reduced business opportunities.
• Net premiums written decreased by 1% (0% on a constant currency basis), reflecting increases in premiums ceded in professional lines and property lines, partially offset by the increase in gross premiums written in the quarter.
• The current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses decreased by 7.4 points in the fourth quarter compared to the same period in 2018, attributable to a decrease in loss experience associated with the repositioning of the property and aviation portfolios, improved loss experience in marine, and credit and political risk lines, the continued impact of rate and trend, partially offset by changes in business mix.
• Pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance were $20 million, primarily attributable to Japanese Typhoon Hagibis and other weather-related events this quarter, compared to $92 million in the same period in 2018.
• Net favorable prior year reserve development was $10 million this quarter, compared to $32 million in the fourth quarter of 2018. Net favorable prior year reserve development in 2018 was primarily due to overall better than expected loss emergence related to the 2017 catastrophe events.
• Underwriting income (loss) for the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017, without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs, which were written off at the closing date. The absence of $2 million and $16 million of acquisition costs related to premiums earned in the fourth quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.3 points and 2.7 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratio for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio increased by 1.1 points in the quarter, compared to the same period in 2018, due to an increase in profit commissions expense.
• The underwriting-related general and administrative expense ratio increased by 1.0 point in the quarter, attributable to the decrease in net premiums earned due to the repositioning of the portfolio.

• Gross premiums written decreased by $122 million, or 3% ($75 million, or 2% on a constant currency basis), primarily attributable to decreases in property lines due to the repositioning of the portfolio, accident and health lines due to the cancellation of certain program business, and credit and political risk lines due to reduced business opportunities, partially offset by increases in liability, professional lines and marine lines driven by new business and favorable rate changes.
• Net premiums written decreased by $116 million, or 5% ($76 million, or 3% on a constant currency basis), reflecting the decrease in gross premiums written.
• Underwriting income for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017, without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs, which were written off at the closing date. The absence of $12 million and $121 million of acquisition expenses related to premiums earned in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, benefited the acquisition cost ratio by 0.6 points and 5.1 points, respectively. Adjusting the acquisition cost ratio for these amounts, the acquisition cost ratio in 2019 was comparable to 2018.

Reinsurance Segment

• Gross premiums written increased by $48 million, or 19% ($52 million, or 20% on a constant currency basis), primarily attributable to liability, property, and professional lines. The increase in liability lines was driven by new business due to favorable market conditions. The increase in property lines was due to prior year premium adjustments. The increase in professional lines was driven by timing differences. These increases were partially offset by decreases in catastrophe lines due to lower reinstatement premiums and accident and health lines driven by timing differences.
• Net premiums written increased by $39 million, or 22% ($43 million, or 24% on a constant currency basis), reflecting the increase in gross premiums written in the quarter, partially offset by increases in premiums ceded in liability and agriculture lines.
• The current accident year loss ratio excluding catastrophe and weather-related losses increased by 0.6 points in the fourth quarter, compared to the same period in 2018, principally due to an increase in loss experience in agriculture lines related to poor weather conditions that impacted the Company's United States book of business, partially offset by a decrease in loss experience in property lines, and changes in business mix.
• Pre-tax catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums were $120 million, primarily attributable to Japanese Typhoon Hagibis and other weather-related events this quarter, compared to $177 million in the same period in 2018.
• Net favorable prior year reserve development was $3 million this quarter, compared to $7 million in the fourth quarter of 2018. Net favorable prior year reserve development in the fourth quarter of 2019 was impacted by additional losses attributable to Hurricane Irma, consistent with industry trends, and other property claims related to recent accident years.
• The acquisition cost ratio decreased by 1.5 points due to adjustments related to loss sensitive features and changes in business mix.
• The underwriting-related general administrative expense ratio decreased by 1.2 points in the quarter, largely attributable to benefits related to arrangements with strategic capital partners.

• Gross premiums written increased by $110 million, or 4%, ($163 million, or 5% on a constant currency basis), primarily attributable to increases in catastrophe, liability, accident and health, and marine and other lines driven by new business. The increase in catastrophe lines was due to improved pricing and growth in Japan at the April 1 renewals. In addition, increased line sizes on a number of treaties and the restructuring of several treaties contributed to the increase in catastrophe lines. These increases were partially offset by decreases in motor, credit and surety, and property lines associated with the repositioning of the portfolio.
• Net premiums written decreased by $54 million, or 2% ($1 million, or 0% on a constant currency basis), reflecting increases in premiums ceded in catastrophe, liability, and credit and surety lines, partially offset by decreases in premiums ceded in property and agriculture lines, together with the increase in gross premiums written in the period.

Investments

Net investment income of $118 million for the quarter represents an increase of $4 million, compared to the fourth quarter of 2018. Net realized and unrealized gains recognized in net income for the quarter were $43 million, compared to net realized and unrealized losses of $73 million in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Pre-tax total return on cash and investments⁵ was 1.0% including foreign exchange movements (0.7% excluding foreign exchange movements⁶), primarily due to net investment income generated in the quarter. The prior year period pre-tax total return was 0.2% including foreign exchange movements (0.3% excluding foreign exchange movements). Our fixed income portfolio book yield was 2.8% at December 31, 2019 and 3.1% at December 31, 2018. The market yield was 2.4% at December 31, 2019.

Capitalization / Shareholders' Equity

Total capital⁷ at December 31, 2019 was $7.4 billion, including $1.8 billion of debt and $775 million of preferred equity, compared to $6.4 billion at December 31, 2018. The increase in total capital is attributable to net income generated for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase in debt following the issuance of our junior subordinated notes, an increase in unrealized investment gains reported in other comprehensive income following an increase in the market value of our fixed income portfolio, partially offset by common share dividends declared.

On December 10, 2019, we issued $425 million aggregate principal amount of 4.90% junior subordinated notes. On January 17, 2020, $225 million of the proceeds were used to redeem all of our 5.50% Series D Preferred Shares. We intend to use the remaining proceeds from the issuance of these notes to partially repay or redeem our 5.875% senior unsecured notes due on June 1, 2020.

Book value per diluted common share, calculated on a treasury stock basis, decreased by $0.47 in the current quarter, and increased by $5.86 over the past twelve months, to $55.79. The decrease in the quarter was primarily driven by the net loss incurred in the quarter and common share dividends declared. The increase over the past twelve months was driven by net income generated and net unrealized investment gains reported in other comprehensive income, partially offset by common share dividends declared.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company declared dividends of $0.41 per common share, with total dividends declared of $1.61 per common share over the past twelve months. Adjusted for dividends declared, the book value per diluted common share decreased by $0.06, or 0.1%, for the quarter and increased by $7.47, or 15%, over the past twelve months.

Conference Call

We will host a conference call on Thursday, January 30, 2020 at 9:30 AM (EST) to discuss the fourth quarter and year-end financial results and related matters. The teleconference can be accessed by dialing (888) 317-6003 (U.S. callers) or (412) 317-6061 (international callers) approximately ten minutes in advance of the call and entering the passcode 7488820. A live, listen-only webcast of the call will also be available via the Investor Information section of our website at www.axiscapital.com. A replay of the teleconference will be available for two weeks by dialing (877) 344-7529 (U.S. callers) or (412) 317-0088 (international callers) and entering the passcode 10138152. The webcast will be archived in the Investor Information section of our website.

In addition, a financial supplement relating to our financial results for the quarter ended December 31, 2019 is available in the Investor Information section of the Company's website.

About AXIS Capital

AXIS Capital, through its operating subsidiaries, is a global provider of specialty lines insurance and treaty reinsurance with shareholders' equity at December 31, 2019 of $5.5 billion and locations in Bermuda, the United States, Europe, Singapore, Canada and the Middle East. Its operating subsidiaries have been assigned a rating of "A+" ("Strong") by Standard & Poor's and "A+" ("Superior") by A.M. Best. For more information about AXIS Capital, visit our website at www.axiscapital.com.

Website and Social Media Disclosure

We use our website (www.axiscapital.com) and our corporate Twitter (@AXIS_Capital) and LinkedIn (AXIS Capital) accounts as channels of distribution of Company information. The information we post through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. In addition, e-mail alerts and other information about AXIS Capital may be received when enrolled in our "E-mail Alerts" program which can be found in the Investor Information section of our website (www.axiscapital.com). The contents of our website and social media channels are not, however, part of this press release.

Please be sure to follow AXIS Capital on LinkedIn.
LinkedIn: http://bit.ly/2kRYbZ5

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements, other than statements of historical facts included in this press release, including statements regarding our estimates, beliefs, expectations, intentions, strategies or projections are forward-looking statements. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements in the United States federal securities laws. In some cases, these statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as "may," "should," "could," "anticipate," "estimate," "expect," "plan," "believe," "predict," "potential," "intend" or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based upon current expectations, estimates and projections, and various assumptions, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond management's control.

Forward-looking statements contained in this press release may include, but are not limited to, information regarding our estimates of losses related to catastrophes and other large losses, measurements of potential losses in the fair market value of our investment portfolio and derivative contracts, our expectations regarding the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources, the outcome of our strategic initiatives, our expectations regarding estimated synergies and the success of the integration of acquired entities, our expectations regarding the estimated benefits and synergies related to our transformation program, our expectations regarding pricing and other market conditions, our growth prospects, and valuations of the potential impact of movements in interest rates, equity securities' prices, credit spreads and foreign currency rates.

Forward-looking statements only reflect our expectations and are not guarantees of performance. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those indicated in such statements. We believe that these factors, include but are not limited to, the following:

• the cyclical nature of the insurance and reinsurance business leading to periods with excess underwriting capacity and unfavorable premium rates;
• the occurrence and magnitude of natural and man-made disasters;
• the impact of global climate change on our business, including the possibility that we do not adequately assess or reserve for the increased frequency and severity of natural catastrophes;
• losses from war, terrorism and political unrest or other unanticipated losses;
• actual claims exceeding our loss reserves;
• general economic, capital and credit market conditions;
• the failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ;
• the effects of emerging claims, coverage and regulatory issues, including uncertainty related to coverage definitions, limits, terms and conditions;
• our inability to purchase reinsurance or collect amounts due to us;
• the breach by third parties in our program business of their obligations to us;
• difficulties with technology and/or data security;
• the failure of our policyholders and intermediaries to pay premiums;
• the failure of our cedants to adequately evaluate risks;
• inability to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all;
• the loss of one or more key executives;
• a decline in our ratings with rating agencies;
• the loss of business provided to us by our major brokers and credit risk due to our reliance on brokers;
• changes in accounting policies or practices;
• the use of industry catastrophe models and changes to these models;
• changes in governmental regulations and potential government intervention in our industry;
• failure to comply with certain laws and regulations relating to sanctions and foreign corrupt practices;
• increased competition;
• changes in the political environment of certain countries in which we operate or underwrite business including the United Kingdom's expected withdrawal from the European Union;
• fluctuations in interest rates, credit spreads, equity securities' prices and/or currency values;
• the failure to successfully integrate acquired businesses or to realize the expected synergies resulting from such acquisitions;
• the failure to realize the expected benefits or synergies relating to our transformation initiative;
• changes in tax laws; and
• other factors including but not limited to those described under Item 1A, 'Risk Factors' in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as those factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic and other filings with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We present our results of operations in the way we believe will be most meaningful and useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use our financial information to evaluate our performance. Some of the measurements we use are considered non-GAAP financial measures under SEC rules and regulations. In this press release, we present underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, consolidated underwriting income (loss), operating income (loss) (in total and on a per share basis), annualized operating return on average common equity ("operating ROACE"), amounts presented on a constant currency basis, pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements, ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) (in total and on a per share basis) and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE which are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in SEC Regulation G. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures, which may be defined and calculated differently by other companies, better explain and enhance the understanding of our results of operations. However, these measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").

Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expenses

Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses include those general and administrative expenses that are incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations. While this measure is presented in the 'Segment Information' note to our Consolidated Financial Statements, it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As these costs are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations, these costs are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, and therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss). General and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure to underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, also includes corporate expenses.

The reconciliation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses to general and administrative expenses, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in the 'Consolidated Segmental Data' section of this press release.

Consolidated Underwriting Income (Loss)

Consolidated underwriting income (loss) is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income (losses) as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative expenses as expenses. While this measure is presented in the 'Segment Information' note to our Consolidated Financial Statements, it is considered a non-GAAP financial measure when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.

We evaluate our underwriting results separately from the performance of our investment portfolio. As such, we believe it is appropriate to exclude net investment income and net investment gains (losses) from our underwriting profitability measure.

Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statement of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on our net insurance-related liabilities. However, we manage our investment portfolio in such a way that unrealized and realized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our investment portfolio generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) arising from our underwriting portfolio. As a result, we believe that foreign exchange losses (gains) are not a meaningful contributor to our underwriting performance, therefore, foreign exchange losses (gains) are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Interest expense and financing costs primarily relate to interest payable on our debt. As these expenses are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations, these expenses are excluded from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, and therefore, consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

Amortization of intangible assets including VOBA arose from business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from consolidated underwriting income (loss).

We believe that presentation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and consolidated underwriting income (loss) provides investors with an enhanced understanding of our results of operations, by highlighting the underlying pre-tax profitability of our underwriting activities. The reconciliation of consolidated underwriting income (loss) to income (loss) before income taxes and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in the 'Consolidated Segmental Data' section of this press release.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating income (loss) represents after-tax operational results exclusive of net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments.

Although the investment of premiums to generate income and investment gains (losses) is an integral part of our operations, the determination to realize investment gains (losses) is independent of the underwriting process and is heavily influenced by the availability of market opportunities. Furthermore, many users believe that the timing of the realization of investment gains (losses) is somewhat opportunistic for many companies.

Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statements of operations primarily relate to the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on net insurance-related liabilities. In addition, we recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our equity securities and foreign exchange losses (gains) realized upon the sale of our available for sale investments and equity securities in net investment gains (losses). We also recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our available for sale investments in other comprehensive income (loss). These unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) reported in net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, thereby minimizing the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on total shareholders' equity. As a result, the foreign exchange losses (gains) in our consolidated statement of operations in isolation are not a fair representation of the performance of our business.

Reorganization expenses are primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, these expenses are excluded from operating income (loss).

Interest in income (loss) of equity method investments is primarily driven by business decisions, the nature and timing of which are not related to the underwriting process, therefore, this income (loss) is excluded from operating income (loss).

Certain users of our financial statements evaluate performance exclusive of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses, and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments to understand the profitability of recurring sources of income.

We believe that showing net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders exclusive of after-tax net investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains), reorganization expenses and interest in income (loss) of equity method investments reflects the underlying fundamentals of our business. In addition, we believe that this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze performance in a manner similar to how our management analyzes the underlying business performance. We also believe this measure follows industry practice and, therefore, facilitates comparison of our performance with our peer group. We believe that equity analysts and certain rating agencies that follow us, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analyses for the same reasons. The reconciliation of operating income (loss) to net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in the 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation' section of this press release.

We also present operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized operating ROACE, which are derived from the operating income (loss) measure and are reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, earnings (loss) per diluted common share and annualized return on average common equity ("ROACE"), respectively, in the 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation' of this press release.

Constant Currency Basis

We present gross premiums written and net premiums written on a constant currency basis in this press release. The amounts presented on a constant currency basis are calculated by applying the average foreign exchange rate from the current year to the prior year amounts. We believe this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze growth in gross premiums written and net premiums written on a constant basis. The reconciliation to gross premiums written and net premiums written on a GAAP basis is presented in the 'Insurance Segment' and 'Reinsurance Segment' sections of this press release.

Pre-Tax Total Return on Cash and Investments excluding Foreign Exchange Movements

Pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements measures net investment income (loss), net investments gains (losses), interest in income (loss) of equity method investments, and change in unrealized investment gains (losses) generated by average cash and investment balances. The reconciliation of pre-tax total return on cash and investments excluding foreign exchange movements to pre-tax total return on cash and investments, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in the 'Investments' section in this release. We believe this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze the performance of our investment portfolio.

Ex-PGAAP Operating Income (Loss)

Ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) represents operating income (loss) exclusive of amortization of VOBA and intangible assets, net of tax and amortization of acquisition costs, net of tax associated with Novae's balance sheet at October 2, 2017 (the "closing date" or "acquisition date"). The reconciliation of ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) to net income (loss) available (attributable) to common shareholders, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, is presented in the 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation' of this press release.

We also present ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE, which are derived from the ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) measure and are reconciled to the most comparable GAAP financial measures, earnings (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ROACE, respectively, in the 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation' of this press release.

We believe the presentation of ex-PGAAP operating income (loss), ex-PGAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share and annualized ex-PGAAP operating ROACE enables investors and other users of our financial information to better analyze the performance of our business.

Acquisition of Novae

On October 2, 2017, AXIS Capital acquired Novae. At the acquisition date, we identified VOBA, which represents the present value of the expected underwriting profit within policies that were in-force at the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the allocation of the acquisition price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date, resulted in the write-off of the deferred acquisition cost asset on Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date as the value of policies in-force on that date are considered within VOBA. Consequently, underwriting income (loss) in the quarters and years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 included the recognition of premiums attributable to Novae's balance sheet at the acquisition date without the recognition of the associated acquisition costs.